QUAKER
FAMILIES IN DESOTO PARISH & LOUISIANA:
The Story
of the Pugh and Cox Families
Frances Jackson Freeman, Ph.D.
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| Quaker Religious Dissenters |
The influence of the Quaker Faith in 19th Century
Louisiana has been largely overlooked, primarily for three reasons: 1) the Southern
Quaker movement virtually perished in the aftermath of the American Revolution;
2) by the time they arrived in Louisiana, the families were “former” Quakers, having left their Faith
and integrated into other churches; and 3) Southern prejudice against Quaker
beliefs and practices was pronounced in the 1800’s and many Quakers hid their previous
religious affiliation. For these
reasons, many descendants of Southern Quakers are unaware of their Quaker Roots
and heritage.
As
a genealogist, I was at first surprised, and then delighted to discover the
extent of my Quaker roots. Surprised
because this heritage was not a part of my family lore, and delighted because
the Quakers kept and preserved extensive records. This report focuses on two families (
Cox and Pugh) who settled in Louisiana
and specifically in DeSoto Parish before the Civil War. Other allied North Louisiana families with
Quaker ancestry include the Boone’s, Hick’s, Vaughn’s, Robinson’s, Stewart’s,
Julian’s, Jackson’s, Swinebroad’s and Freeman’s. We focus on the Cox and Pugh families because
their history and migrations paralleled one another, and can be discussed
together.
In 17th Centaury England,
Wales, Scotland, and Ireland the Quaker movement attracted many ardent
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| William Penn Negotiates with Native Americans |
followers. The stubborn Quakers were a thorn in the side
of the established Church of England (Anglican/Episcopal). Because of resulting persecution, many
Quakers in England and Wales immigrated to Ireland or to the American
Colonies. The British government was
happy to be rid of these hardheaded dissidents, and further encouraged them to
leave through a major land grant to William Penn. While we think mostly of this grant as bringing
Quakers to Pennsylvania, 17th Century colonial boundaries placed
many of the new immigrants in areas now located in Delaware or Maryland.
In
1684, James M. Pugh and his brother David, Quaker converts, from
Merionethshire, Wales, immigrated to Radnor Township in Delaware County,
Pennsylvania. There they married Quaker Welsh
sisters Joan and Catherine Elizabeth Price. I believe descendants of this Price family also migrated to DeSoto Parish, but have not pursued the search for evidence. By the time James Pugh died in 1724 and
David in 1738, their children were already moving south.
About
that same time, three Quaker brothers from London, William (1658-1742), John
(1675-1711) and Thomas Cox (1674-1711) arrived in Maryland, were married in New
Castle, Delaware, and eventually buried in Pennsylvania. These brothers were sons of Thomas Cox
(1641-1711) and his wife Christian Matthews (1649-1679). In the four subsequent generations (approximately
200 years), members of the Pugh and Cox families migrated south and west, always
moving together and occasionally intermarrying.
They initially migrated into Virginia, settling in the less populated
western regions, and then moving into western North and South Carolina (mostly in
Orange, Anson, Rowen, Cumberland, and Granville Counties and near the towns of
Guilford and Hillsborough).
In North Carolina, the Cox, Pugh, and
allied families (e.g. Hicks, Jackson, and Husband) played prominent roles in the
Regulator Rebellion of the1760’s (see
http://www.tamu.edu/faculty/ ccbn/dewitt/mckstmerreg1.htm).
In North Carolina, the wealthy, slave-holding, Anglican landowners of
the coastal provinces desired to own and control the state’s western regions
where poor Quakers, Presbyterians, Moravians, Baptists, and Methodists had
settled. The Crown-appointed Governor
and the House of Burgesses enacted land ownership and taxation laws that forced
western farmers off their lands and into bankruptcy. When the settlers forcibly
objected, Governor Tyrone sent British troops to capture and hang dissenters.
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| Plaque Commemorating the Hanging of Regulators |
James
Pugh and Hermon Cox were among the six hanged for treason on June 19, 1771. The
leader of the Regulator Revolution was Herman Husband. Herman’s first wife was Elsey Phebe Cox and
his second was Mary Pugh. Herman left
North Carolina, and later played a critical role in the Whiskey Rebellion,
siding against Washington. You can read about
this “First Act” in the America’s
Revolution in Marjoleine Kars book, “Breaking
Loose Together: the Regulator Rebellion in Pre-Revolutionary North Carolina”
(2002) or in Jimmy Carter’s historical novel, “The Hornet’s Nest” (2003).
The key Battle of Alamance is featured as a significant event in Diane
Gabaldon’s novel “The Fiery Cross,”
in the 5th book in her “Outlander”
series.
In
the aftermath of the Regulator Rebellion, North Carolina was no longer a “healthy” place for the Cox and Pugh
families. Led by Joseph Maddock and Jonathan Sell, they joined other Quaker
families in moving to Georgia where they established a Quaker settlement named
Wrightsborough, (see http://freepages.
genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry. com/~wrightsborough/history.htm or http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/ ~gentutor/ Wrights.pdf ).
The town’s name honored Gov. James Wright of Georgia, whose lack of
religious prejudice and forward thinking led him to welcome this Quaker
settlement in his Colony. The ruins of
the town of Wrightsborough are an historical site and can be visited today.
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| Historical Marker in Wrightsboro, Georgia |
The
direct ancestor of many of the Louisiana Cox family, Thomas J. Cox, was born in
Wrightsborough in 1775, just as the Declaration of Independence was
signed. His father Richard Cox (1750-1821)
was born in Pennsylvania, and married Ann Hodgins (1756-1797) in
Wrightsborough. They had three sons, including Thomas. Richard was the son of Thomas Cox (1694-1784)
and his wife Elizabeth Fincher (1700-1756).
Thomas was the son of William Cox (1658-1742) and his wife Naomi Amy
Cantrell (1657-1742). William Cox was
one of the three Cox brothers (sons of Thomas Cox and Christian Matthews) who immigrated
to America from London about 1680.
Elijah Stewart Pugh (direct ancestor of
the DeSoto Parish Pughs) was born in Guilford North Carolina in 1760, and
married Ruth Julian in Wrightsborough in 1784.
Elijah’s father, Jesse Pugh (1732-1811) and his wife Elizabeth
Stewart (1736-1804) had six sons. Jesse was the son of Thomas Pugh (1703-1794)
and his wife Elizabeth Richardson (1709-1794).
Thomas was the son of James M. Pugh (1665-1724) and his wife Joan Price
(1670-1723), the Welsh Quaker immigrant of 1684 discussed above.
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| The Rock House in Wrightsborough GA. |
The Revolutionary War years were a
nightmare for the Quakers of Wrightsborough.
In the beginning, most held fast to Quaker pacifist (antiwar/ peace)
doctrines. However, both British
loyalists (Tories) and American patriots eventually decided that, “If you aren’t with us, you must be against
us,” and the Quakers were attacked by both groups. The Indian allies of both the American and
British forces raided Quaker farmers, and on at least one occasion attacked the
settlement. As the balance between
Patriots and Tories moved back and forth, Quaker suffering was great. The agony of the Revolutionary War years in
this geographical area is depicted in the film, The Patriot, (2000) starring Mel Gibson. Many Quaker men (including our direct Cox and Pugh ancestors)
eventually abandoned their pacifism, and fought for the American cause. Others, members of the same families, held
fast to Quaker teachings. Brothers opposed each other, wives opposed husbands,
and sons were set against their fathers. The conflict in the community and
within families was great. Those Quakers
who took up arms lost their good standing in the Quaker community and were
eventually expelled.
After
the end of the Revolution, Quakers abandoned the township of Wrightsborough and
the settlement gradually died. Those who
remained faithful to Quaker doctrines moved north, mostly into the states of
Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. Those who
choose to fight with the Americans remained in the South, claimed head-right
lands for their military service, and moved further west. Our Cox and Pugh families settled in Georgia
and then in Alabama before moving to Louisiana.
The
split in these families must have been heart wrenching. Richard Cox, and one of his sons moved to
Illinois, while the other three sons remained in the South. Jesse Pugh and three of his sons (including
Elijah Steward Pugh) remained in the South while the other three sons moved
north to Ohio and Indiana. Family records
show that members of these separated families wrote letters and made long
pilgrimages in order to maintain family ties across the divides of religion and
geography.
In
additional to their opposition to War and violence, Quakers differed in a number
of beliefs from other groups of the 18th and 19th
Centuries. Even though they abandoned,
the Quaker faith, many ex-Quakers maintained these core values or beliefs as
witnessed by their later actions and writings.
In addition to pacifism, Quakers held the following views:
1.
Slavery – Quakers opposed slavery.
When servitude was accepted, they held it must be voluntary and/or for a
limited term (as with indentured servants).
All actions toward others must be humane, and motivated by the good of
the mortal body and immortal soul.
Quakers were required to educate and emancipate slaves.
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| Quaker Meeting House Visited by Native Americans |
2.
Native
Americans (Indians) –
The Quakers viewed Native Americans as fully human and worthy of education,
Christian teachings, and respect. They
opened and maintained more schools for Indians than any other group. They opposed cruel treatment, expulsion, and
murder, and formed strong bonds with many groups.
3.
Literacy
and Education – Quakers
placed premium value on literacy and education, and believed that everyone (male,
female, White, Black, Indian) should be educated. Every believer was to read and interpret
scripture for themselves, and this required universal literacy. They built schools and colleges everywhere
they settled. Because most were
literate, they kept extensive written records.
4.
Women – Quaker women enjoyed a higher level of
literacy, economic rights, and political power than most other women of their
era. They presided over and conducted
their own church conferences, and voted and made democratic decisions. They taught school, kept written records,
presided over meetings, and voted. It is
not surprising that in later years Quaker women were leaders in the
anti-slavery and suffrage movements.
Leaving
behind the bad memories of Wrightsborough, the Patriot Cox and Pugh Families
first moved further westward into Georgia.
However, when the lands of Alabama were opened to white settlement
during the War of 1812, they moved to south Alabama, settling in what is now
Clarke County near the town of Grove Hill.
The courthouse in Grove Hill contains many original documents related to
these families, and the Clarke County Historical Society has a great deal of
information about both families. We visited
cemeteries where our Cox and Pugh ancestors are buried, and met distant cousins
in town. The monument to Revolutionary
War Soldiers of Clarke County includes the names of Elijah Pugh and John Cox.
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| Monument Honoring the Veterans of the American Revolution Who Founded Clarke County Alabama |
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| Cox Family Crest |
The
specific descent of my Cox family is as follows: Thomas J. Cox, Sr. (1775-1821) married Mary
Polly Vaughn (1776-1838). They had 12
children, including Lewis (1800-1852), Richmond (1803-1872) and Thomas Jr.
(1810-1868). Between 1811 and 1814, the Thomas
Cox family moved to Clarke County Alabama. Eventually, ten of their 12 children
moved west to Louisiana, settling in DeSoto, Union, Winn, and Beauregard
Parishes (with one dying in Texas). The
Louisiana settlers included all three sons, Lewis, Richmond, and Thomas,
Jr. My direct Cox line is descended from
Thomas, Jr. through his son, Thomas J. Cox III.
Thomas III (1810-1868) married Elizabeth Hicks (1807-1870) and settled
first in Jackson and then in Winn Parish.
They had eight children (6 boys and 2 girls). Their daughter Susan Jane Cox (1834-1900) is
my 3rd great grandmother. Their sons
Thomas W., Lamuel Mansel, Golden D., John J., Lewis J., and Steven Lonzo are
the ancestors of many citizens of DeSoto and Red River Parishes. I consider Greggory E. Davies of Winnfield to
be the premier living genealogist for the Louisiana (and Texas) branches of our
Cox Family.
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| Pugh Family Crest |
Susan Jane Cox married Stephen Pugh
Jackson (1821-1880) in Winn Parish.
Stephen was the son of Isaac Jackson (1785-1839) and Mariam Pugh
(1790-1836). Stephen Pugh Jackson was
orphaned by the deaths of his parents in 1836 an 1839. He was the grandson of Elijah Steward Pugh
(1760-1824) who was born in Wrightsborough and fought for American
Independence. After Stephen was
orphaned, he traveled with his Uncle, Jesse Pugh (1795-1865) when Jesse moved from
Clarke County Alabama to DeSoto Parish, Louisiana. After marrying Susan Jane Cox, Stephen
settled near his in-laws in Winn Parish.
He served in Company E of the 8th Louisiana Calvary in the
Army of the Confederate States of America.
His eldest son, Isaac Thomas Jackson (1755-1946) married Martha Ardella
Dean (1855-1912) and moved his family to the Red Cross Community on the border
of Red River and Natchitoches Parishes.
They are the grandparents of my father, Wilmer H. Jackson.
Jesse
Pugh had 12 children including 8 sons, at least 7 of whom left descendants in
Louisiana. Recent DNA studies have connected the far-ranging branches of the
Pugh family to their early Quaker ancestors.
This information is available on Ancestry.com. My own modest research into the Cox and Pugh
Families can be found on Ancestry.com in the tree entitled Frances’ Family
History.
